I am not only studying theology in my degree, but also Sociology. I have a paper to write about the symbol of the Cross, and it's sociological relatedness. After some background reading, I chose to analyse it with Actor-Network Theory (ANT). I find this particular way of thinking particularly interesting, as it sheds some light on the nature of the religious expereinces I was once accustomed to experiencing. All comments, criticisms and insights welcome. Here is a little excerpt of what I've got so far:
"Actor-Network Theory (ANT) provides a productive method of analysis when considering what factors may have contributed to such a position (Here I am referring to the efficacy of the symbol of the Cross within religious experience). In the ANT approach, the symbol of the Cross, a material object or actor, can be seen as part of a network which includes immaterial ideas or actors. ANT not only considers all humans and objects as actors, or agents, but also the ideas and/or beliefs held by people. This stream of sociological investigation is called material-semiotics, and, as implied, it places human and non-human entities, such as ideas or objects, on an equal footing concerning causality.
The symbol of the Cross is a source of religious energy to many millions of people worldwide, providing hope, a moral centre, and transcendance. However, as any individual who has ever had such experiences will testify, they are never identical. On no two occasions of meditation upon the symbol of the Cross, will the religious person come away with the same experience. This can lead some to the conclusion that the organic nature of their experiences are a reflection of the 'work of God‘, or an experience of the 'Holy Spirit‘. Rather, and according to ANT, because the experience is mediated by many factors, both material and semiotic, it will be different every time. Or in other words, the experience of meditation is different each time because the symbol of the Cross is just one actor juxtaposed in a 'precarious process‘, called a network, with very many other actors. Oftentimes this process masquerades as 'ordered‘, objective or immutable. This is however only an illusion and in fact the effect or power, of the Cross, as percieved by the religious participant is under constant stress and struggle, and so it is experienced differently each time. Therefore, the symbol of the Cross is not considered a 'primitive cause‘, but an 'interactional effect‘ (Law, 1992: 7), the product of the interaction of multiple actors in a network.
The order produced by the Cross, as Law says, is better understood as a verb, rather than a noun (1992: 5), as a 'happening', something that is open to change, as opposed to being immutable: 'Structure is not free-standing, like scaffolding on a building-site, but a site of struggle, a relational effect that recursively generates and reproduces itself'. (Law, 1992: 5)"
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6 comments:
Fascinating.
So, basically, (please correct me if I'm wrong) we can treat religious experience like lab experiments sometimes. If we make sure all the conditions are the same, then by scientfic process we should get the same result. Because we experience different things, however, we can say that it was a religious experience; "God must have been involved", for example. What your suggesting with ANT, though, is that this is flawed because we can never have the exact same conditions; experiences since the last one will have changed (even to a small degree) our mental state; the weather may be different; an ornament may be in a different place. All of these things go together to affect the experience and change it from the last time, removing the definite conclusion that it must have been God.
How very modern, though. Doesn't this simply mean we cannot prove by modern methods that "it was definitely God"? But what about other intelligences - intuition, imagination, emotion - where do they fit in ANT? Are they other types of experience?
Interesting, indeed.
PS: Yes, I have been reading some, and, yes, I am partly trying to show off. But it's still interesting.
i suppose i am just saying, as regards religous experiences, that ANT offers a different understanding. As we engage with Jesus, say, he becomes to us a 'single point actor', which is to say that we no longer realise the network of which he is also a part - which is the reality of Christ as you experience him. The network consists of other actor-networks (both and), which are both material (the image of the cross, your bowel movements, the weather etc etc) and semiotic (the idea of Christ as Saviour, the symbolic meaning of the Cross, Church history etc etc etc). All the AN's are in tension and only by virtue of the durability (time) and mobility (space) of your understanding of the Jesus AN, does it maintain the impression of being fixed and isolated.
interesting.
i should add, then, what I postulated was that variations you may experience in your engagement with the symbol of the cross are, according to ANT, not the work of God/Holy Spirit, but simply a result of the dynamic relations within the network. Hence, any percieved order (read consistency) in your experience of the symbol of the cross is actually NOT objective and isolated, but, to use a verb, a precarious process - a relational effect that recursively generates and regenerates itself.
hi adameitel. Good to meet you too, and thanks very much for becoming part of the conversation here (a pretty quiet one, till now!)
Let me preface any tentative comments I may make with this: I really don't know much about ANT, just enough to write basic undergrad paper on it. Anyway...
I think you may have got your wires a little crossed (understandable, considering my undoubtedly amatuerish explanations). I think ANT is more about, in this context, the demythologising, or un-reifying the concept of Holy Spirit or God etc. It says that the concept of the Holy Spirit is not concrete or objective ( in the sense of a noun, or what I is called a 'single-point actor') but a precarious process (verb), recursively regenerated by the other actor-networks - an 'effect' of the relationship of very disparate, heterogenous things (i.e. both material and semiotic things) with each other.
So I don't know if according to ANT God exists or not. I'd guess not, but ANT is only one way of looking at life, and in this postmodern era we're very happy with having many different ways of seeing life.
Does God/Holy Spirit exist in reality? Is reality a useful concept anymore? I don't know. Is there any kind of ultimate truth out there? I am inclined to say no. I am too wary of the dangers of fundamentalism and also of the decimating critique of post-structuralist theories (and also, the widespread rejection of such ideas in society at large, and their complete inadequacy for constructive partnership with society). I don't approach life in terms of ultimate reality, or truth. I am more inclined to take a personal approach to truth - approaching relativism, and resolutely pluralistic, I know.
As far as reading is concerned, anything on the subject by Bruno Latour or John Law (Lancaster University) will do - a google search should yield some useful pdf's.
Thanks for posting so graciously, considering you obviously don't agree with some of the implications of my post, it is appreciated. Please come again!
Interested in what your saying about Christ, or the notion therof, as being a 'single point actor' and we fail to grasp the wider network, as it is put. Is there scope for Christ being the framework as opposed to an element in the overall experience?
Also, I dont agree that its possible to quantify individual experience with some overarching construct - that is why the personal state is in flux and as such, different responses will occur, even at different times with the same people?
right off the top of my head man, i really like your suggestion. can christ be the framework within which all of life's experiences occur, rather than just one element? I think there's loads of room for thinking in such a way theologically. what you're suggesting comes very close to panentheism - the belief that god is greater than the universe and interpenetrates it. has been associated with process theology - its not particularly orthodox, and probably therefore very interesting. ...actually, similar to your point about not being able to understand a person with one single overarching theory, i dont think you can do that for god either. its good to be playful with this stuff - trust in ...something (holy spirit perhaps) to lead you into truth.
good to dialogue ian. come back!
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